Dangers of tetracycline and Treating gum disease Essay

Perils of antibiotic medication and Treating gum illness - Essay Example Antibiotic medication is additionally known to cause teeth recoloring when the main teeth of the child ejects (Tetracyclines). Conveyance of helpful specialist in a suitable way is profoundly basic in the treatment of infection condition. Dental illness treatment particularly the state of periodontal infection is problematic for the patient. Helpful operators, for example, antibiotic medication is utilized to treat periodontal infection condition. The conveyance of medication is finished utilizing an operator called ethylene vinyl acetic acid derivation copolymer, which is a polymeric network. The medication antibiotic medication is conveyed utilizing this polymeric network. One of the upside of this technique for conveyance is that it gives a steady treatment to the site of disease. Be that as it may, the disservice of the restorative technique is that it brings about staining of teeth (yellow or earthy colored or dim) or hindered bones in youngsters (Intra-pocket tranquilize conveyance gadgets for treatment of periodontal

An Act Further To Protect The Commerce Of The United States essays

An Act Further To Protect The Commerce Of The United States expositions After the finish of American Revolution and the war against the British the relations between the United States and European forces balanced out and exchanging began again with Great Britain. Anyway the developing antagonistic vibe among Britain and France that finished in war in 1793 imperiled the relations of the United States with France. Because of that two countries were about to start a major world conflict war by 1798. In spring and summer of 1798 Congress affirmed a few demonstrations to guarantee the wellbeing of the country and among those was An Act Further To Protect The Commerce Of The United States. That demonstration was one of the key choices so as to battle French prevalence on oceans in the late eighteenth century. France, American partner in the Revolutionary Wars was a significant exchange accomplice of Americans. In any case, both France and its enemy Great Britain saw a likelihood to debilitate each other by the exchange ban and demanded that different nations ought to follow that too. In spite of the fact that the Frenchmen had helped Americans a couple of years prior, exchange with England was unquestionably more in light of a legitimate concern for Americans, the demeanor which was certainly affected by Britain's predominance on high oceans. The demeanor of France towards the United States began slowly declining. The United States didn't wish to meddle in the European legislative issues and endeavored to stay in the unbiased position. It didn't turn out to be as France asserted that Americans had relinquished the collusion settlement and approved the seizure of any vessel visiting British ports. French authorities requested an enormous pay off from the meeting American designation and Fr ench vessels assaulted American shipper ships. 6 percent of vessels associated with American exchange were caught by French in 1797. The pay off proposition was dismissed and constrained the United States to make a move against France. In April 1798 the report about XYZ pay off undertaking arrived at the United States and the war fever began. On 27th April 1798 Congress passed the demonstration about enl... <!

Looking Forward to Spring

Looking Forward to Spring Happy Friday, everyone! Today, I noticed that the weather was warmer, and I wasnt freezing when going to class. This was lovely, as I felt like I had more of a desire to run all of my errands before going home. Perhaps spring is coming soon! If so, I am looking forward to it, and I am excited for all of my adventures in the spring. For now, though, I am busy studying for my exams next week. If midterms have come, I wish everyone the best of luck. Remember to enjoy yourself, and try to have things to look forward to, like spring weather! Sarah Class of 2018 I'm from Grand Rapids, Michigan. I'm majoring in Communication in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.

The Youth Criminal Justice Act - 879 Words

â€Å"I have always found that mercy bears richer fruits than strict justice† –Abraham Lincoln Why is it that gardeners spend so much time nurturing their precious flowers? Perhaps the answer lies in the satisfaction which is gained from raising beautiful blooms. In like manner, Canada’s government believes that their flourishing youth deserve care and support in their journey of learning morals. The Youth Criminal Justice Act is a system which enforces the punishment of teenagers from the ages of 12-17, if they commit crimes. Notably, the YCJA’s fundamental goal is to be fair and equitable to all adolescents. Above all, in the eyes of justice, giving chances is the key to opening the offender’s successful future. With this intention in mind, this system is reasonable in many ways. All things considered, the YCJA is a substantial benefactor in helping juveniles all across Canada reach the sky. When a gardener takes care of their gardens, do they differentiate between each plant? In the same fashion that a gardener does not deem some flowers worthy of their attention, the YCJA does not aim for inequitably. In fact, the Youth Criminal Justice Act is an exceptionally fair and equitable system. Each and every case brought to the YCJA is analyzed individually. As a matter of fact, the judge even takes the time to examine every youth offender’s circumstances. For instance, a homeless child stealing from a store could be punished differently than a wealthy child stealing from theShow MoreRelatedThe Youth Criminal Justice Act893 Words   |  4 Pagesfire. The youth criminal justice Act (YCJA) provided opportunities for them to reintegrate and rehabilitate, instead of throwing them in jail. YCJA covers kids between the ages twelve to seventeen years old. It s purpose is to handle youth offenders more differently than adults because of their undeveloped minds. The YCJA was released back in 2003. By protecting the rights and providing Youth Canadians the support they need, the YCJA benefits the offenders in a positive way. The act gentrustRead More Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) Essay872 Words   |  4 Pages Youth crime is a growing epidemic that affects most teenagers at one point in their life. There is no question in society to whether or not youths are committing crimes. It has been shown that since 1986 to 1998 violent crime committed by youth jumped approximately 120% (CITE). The most controversial debate in Canadian history would have to be about the Young Offenders Act (YOA). In 1982, Parliament passed the Young Offenders Act (YOA). Effective since 1984, the Young Offenders Act replaced theRead MoreYouth Criminal Justice Act1532 Words   |  7 PagesThe Youth Criminal Justice Act is a piece of Canadian legislation...that determines the way in which youths are prosecuted under Canadas criminal justice system. The act was implemented April 1, 2003, after 7 years, 3 drafts, and more than 160 amendments. The clearly stated purpose of the Youth Criminal Justice Act is protection of the public thr ough crime prevention, rehabilitation, and meaningful consequences (s.3(1)(a)(I-iii)). For a better understanding on whether the courts were followingRead MoreThe Youth Criminal Justice Act873 Words   |  4 PagesDear Mike Wallace, chair of the Justice and Human Rights Committee, I am writing today with reference to the recent amendments being proposed to the Youth Criminal Justice Act, contained within Bill C-10. This bill proposes a multitude of amendments that should be made to the current Youth Criminal Justice Act. One of the major amendments that Bill C-10 proposes is in relation to the location of detention for young offenders. Currently, a young offender, under the age of eighteen, can be orderedRead MoreThe Youth Criminal Justice Act Essay2429 Words   |  10 Pagesin accordance with the Youth Criminal Justice Act. The Youth Criminal Justice Act was created in 2003. The main objective of this legislation is to hold youth accountable for their actions through the promotion of â€Å"rehabilitation† and â€Å"reintegration† (Youth Criminal Justice Act, 2002, S.3a(ii)). Within the Canadian court system, there is a youth court for individuals who get in trouble with the law while they are still under the age of 18 years. In Calgary, Albert a the youth courtrooms are locatedRead MoreYouth Criminal Justice Act881 Words   |  4 PagesWhen someone mentions the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA), some would argue that there is no purpose for it. Some believe that the age boundary is inappropriate; some believe that children should not have reduced sentences and special rights; and some may think that a youth’s criminal record should be accessible in the future. If one would look at all of the positive aspects, statistics, and examples that apply to the YCJA, then they would better appreciate the statute that applies to the youngRead MoreThe Youth Criminal Justice Act2109 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction: Since the youth justice legislation has begun, there have been three youth justice statutes: the Juvenile Delinquents Act (1908-1984), the Young Offenders Act (YOA) (1984-2003), and the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) (2003-present). Canada’s youth criminal justice system doesn’t set up a different set of laws for young people. The same things are illegal for both adolescents and adults. The Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) explains the criminal laws for young people livingRead MoreThe Youth Criminal Justice Act Essay1471 Words   |  6 Pagesin accordance with the Youth Criminal Justice Act. The Youth Criminal Justice Act was created in 2003. The main objective of this legislation is to hold youth accountable for their actions through the promotion of â€Å"rehabilitation† and â€Å"reintegration† (Youth Criminal Justice Act, 2002, S.3). Within the Canadian court system there is a youth court for individuals who get in trouble with the law while they are still under the legal age of 18 years. In Calgary, Alberta the youth courtrooms are locatedRead MoreYouth Criminal Justice Act Essay1257 Words   |  6 Pagescontinue the government established the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) which gives young offenders a chance to better themselves, and. By doing so, the YCJA helps teach youth that their actions are unacceptable and the punishments impose d are lesser then an adult. Through the analysis of their unacceptable actions, lesser punishments and a better future, it is clear that YCJA is highly effective at giving youth a better chance in society. The YCJA teaches youth that their actions were unacceptableRead MoreIs The Youth Criminal Justice Act Really A Deterrent?3036 Words   |  13 PagesIs the Youth in Criminal Justice Act really a deterrent to youth? The Youth in Criminal Justice Act often gets a bad rap for not being hard enough on its young offenders. There is a divide between those who would like to see these youth rehabilitated, and those who like to see them punished with lengthy prison sentences. The following case of R. v. G.-E.(A.), is a prime example of how difficult it can be to chose the most appropriate sentence for a youth offender with the Youth in Criminal Justice

French Vocabulary Coucou

The French word coucou, [koo koo] can be used as an exclamation meaning hello or hi. It is similar to the English excalamation, peek-a-boo! It is also used to refer to the cuckoo clock. Examples Coucou, Pierre, cest moi !Hi, Pierre, its me!Coucou, il y a quelquun ?Hello, is anyone there?

Mccain Free Essays

External Business environmental challenges on the business One of the biggest problems of McCain was obesity In children. This problem related to external challenges, which faced by the organization. McCain had to focused on the healthy problem occurred due to their products. We will write a custom essay sample on Mccain or any similar topic only for you Order Now McCain had to understand the dietary of the customers, which should be balanced as well as healthy. In relation to understand the customer’s requirement and other issues, it was mandatory for the company to analyses its environment whether it was internal or external. Following figure show the external challenges: (http://yeomanry. Mom, 2014) After doing the slept analysis organization needs to examine those factors, which affects the business. When slept has been occurred then, company has to made changes according to the environment changes. Some external challenges is as below: Social Factors: It Is one of the Important factors that affects directly to the business. Consumer behavior depends resolute by the present trend. Habits Like eating, drinking changes with time to time. McCain sales growth declined due to some healthy eating patterns of the consumers. McCain reduces the quantity of salt in their potato products. Mccain claimed that their potato products are lower in fats and saturated fats. McCain also promote its product to the public to increase the sales. They communicate with people through campaigns. McCain also made strong public relation with the help of advertisement. Legal Factors: Every company has to deal with the legal criteria set by the government. There must be some standard that are set by the company to meet with the government rules and regulations. Government set standards on the behalf of consumers. They made various traffic lights labels which shows the quality of the product that help the nonusers to choose the right product. For example red dot represent high level of ingredients like fat and unsaturated fats and green dot represent low level of fat. There are some guidelines set by the government for the companies in relation of quality. Some of the guidelines are also called daily amount guidelines, which represent the daily intake of the fats and unsaturated fats. Advertising also comes under legal factors. It supervised by the voluntary body that related to advertising industry. This special authority called advertising standards authority. Economic Factors: One of the mall challenges of the company Is people’s rolling Income. This was big problem for the company because as the Income rises then, people prefer to buy the superior varlets of the products. As the people becoming richer they prefer ready to eat meal and ready meals rather than buying potatoes and chips at home. So responsible for health. Then, McCain introduces the various products like Mccain straight cut, oven chips, Home fries, roast potatoes etc. Technological factors: Technology is the most important challenges for the company. Food technology plays an important role in this modern economy. Some of the challenges for the companies like frozen products, muesli bars etc. One of the main challenges for the company how to retain the quality of the potatoes products. B. Two strength and two Weaknesses of McCain foods in emerging the organization sustainability. Strength McCain company toughly emphases on the quality of its products. It hires more than 90 agronomist’s potato experts at 55 production facilities across 6 continents, to help local producers to grow best quality of potatoes and vegetables that the company can use those products in manufacturing its products and also confirm consistent supply. McCain Research Farms concentrate on emerging quality agricultural products. (An, 2014) McCain Company drives a Potato Processing Technology Centre in Canada and frequently improvisation’s manufacturing processes in order to increase efficiency and product value. An, 2014) The company’s thoughtlessly on keeping high quality levels for raw materials distinguishes its products from others intone market and increases the brand image. (An, 2014) Nakedness’s The company has slightest presence in developing the organic segments of food. Organic and natural food products are now becoming the rapid growing classification in food retail sector. Consumer awareness organic alternatives for food products and increasing health anxieties about Junk food have headed to chirography in this particular segment. An, 2014) Restricted existence in a reckless growing product sector mayhap an unfavorable mark on the company’s market share. Downtrends status McCain has been popular as a private company; it could face problems in getting money for outgrowth owing to its ownership status. Private ownership’s the company at a reasonable disadvantage. (An, 2014) (Strauss, 2014) Adaptability culture is the most corporate culture that McCain need to adopt for their tragedies. In adaptability culture, company develops in external environment. Company need to response as soon as possible when the company makes the decision. It involves the high-risk decisions that get quick feedback from the environment. Managers need to encourage the company staff so that company needs to detect rapidly. Three reasons that make adaptability culture better than others are as below: 1 . The first reason is that it is flexible by nature. Whenever, company need to change the strategies according to customers needs then, company can change any time and very easily. Customer need changes according to time then, it is the first duty of the company to be focused the needs of customer. 2. Employees have self-rule to make decision and also act freely to meet the new needs of customers. Employees should know regarding their decision. If the employees participate a lot in the responsiveness to customers then, those decision will be highly value and appreciated. 3. Company need to be creative as well doing experimentation on new products according to the customers need. For example, In the market, there is customer need come in front of the company and company start working on it then, many can easily introduce the new product. Vision Strategy (http://www. McCain. Com, 2014) Some of the company objectives are as below: Acquire the highest market share Boost the sales of the company Satisfy the customer and its need Personalization for shareholders Growing together business strategy customers and consumers through the development of our people, stewardship of the environment and our actions as a responsible corporate citizen We believe that social responsibility is an expression of how we conduct all aspects of our business and cannot be defined within a single program or policy. This belief is reflected in the Growing Together business strategy we introduced in 2005, which is anchored by three interdependent pillars: Distributed and networked leadership: Developing people as leaders at all levels of the organization and collaborating through learning and project networks to leverage our global scale and best practices. Market facing: Making decisions at the closest level to the customer and creating demand for our products through innovation, value, differentiation and in the way we interact with our customers and consumers. Global CARS report, 2009) Corporate social responsibility: Making good, nutritious food on the principles of sustainability and food safety and supporting our employees, customers and consumers in their aspiration for a Better Life. Coach section of this report – Respecting our Environment, Inspiring Wellness and Positively Impacting our People – describes the policies, practices and initiatives that underpin our strategy a nd the progress we are making on our Journey of continuous improvement in advancing our goals in a socially responsible manner. Global CARS report, 2009) Advantages and disadvantages of Management-by-objective Management by Objectives MOB can likewise be alluded as Management by Results or Goal Management, and is focused around the presumption that contribution prompts responsibility and if a worker takes part in objective setting and additionally setting norms for estimation of execution towards that objective, then the representative will be roused to perform better and in a way that straightforwardly helps the accomplishment of authoritative goals. Advantages of Management by Objectives 1 . Since Management by targets (MOB) is a result-turned process and concentrates n setting and controlling objectives, if urges chiefs to do unity gritty arranging. 2. Both the top managers and the Juniors realize what is anticipated from them and consequently there is no part imprecision or disarray. When both top managers and subordinates know each other about there work then, there will be no confusion between them. Disadvantages of Management by Objectives 1 . MOB can be accomplishing because it has the complete backing of the top management. If the McCain top manager will not supportive with there staff then, the strategies will no completed. Whatever, strategic plan made by the management should be related to staff. 2. They may be less weight to co-occur with the administration during setting objectives and goals and these objectives may be set unreasoningly high. This may low down their assurance and they may get to be suspicious about the logic behind MOB. Control System to improve Production process and product quality Controlling is one of the most important functions, which consist planning, organizing, staffing and directing. It is important because It help the company to correct the errors and to take corrective action so that divergence from tankards are minimized and the set goals of the company are achieved in the desired manner. Control in management means to improve the production process, Feed forward Control Concurrent Control Feedback Control Afterwards Afterwards is a communication term that refers to regulate impact to a person or a company from which anybody can expect output. Feed Forward is not like pre- feedback, because it helps to measure an output and also help in sending the feedback. For example, if pre-feedback is occurred during quality and production process which is really easy for the organization to get an idea of the output. It also involves a document of review and giving post information regarding the production and quality process. Concurrent control will be control that happens in the meantime as a task is happening. This observing and controlling comprises of the courses of action that project execution so that potential issues might be distinguished in a promising way and correct procedures could be made, when needed, to control the execution of the task. If any project is under process in production unit then, concurrent control strategy can be used during that process. It will help the managers to observe and intro and of course, actions can be taken for correct execution of the process. Feedback is a method in which data about the past or the present impacts the same phenomenon in the present or future. As a part of a chain of its effect and causes that forms a circuit, the occasion is said to â€Å"feedback† into itself. Feedback† exists between two sections when each affects the other. As a company tries to improve its performance, feedback helps to make some adjustments. Feedback helps to motivate the people in the work place. When anybody receives positive or negative feedback, hat person decides how to apply that feedback on his or her Job. In the production and quality process of the company, if any employee receive the positive feedback then, that person will automatically motivated towards company. How to cite Mccain, Papers

Mccain Free Essays

External Business environmental challenges on the business One of the biggest problems of McCain was obesity In children. This problem related to external challenges, which faced by the organization. McCain had to focused on the healthy problem occurred due to their products. We will write a custom essay sample on Mccain or any similar topic only for you Order Now McCain had to understand the dietary of the customers, which should be balanced as well as healthy. In relation to understand the customer’s requirement and other issues, it was mandatory for the company to analyses its environment whether it was internal or external. Following figure show the external challenges: (http://yeomanry. Mom, 2014) After doing the slept analysis organization needs to examine those factors, which affects the business. When slept has been occurred then, company has to made changes according to the environment changes. Some external challenges is as below: Social Factors: It Is one of the Important factors that affects directly to the business. Consumer behavior depends resolute by the present trend. Habits Like eating, drinking changes with time to time. McCain sales growth declined due to some healthy eating patterns of the consumers. McCain reduces the quantity of salt in their potato products. Mccain claimed that their potato products are lower in fats and saturated fats. McCain also promote its product to the public to increase the sales. They communicate with people through campaigns. McCain also made strong public relation with the help of advertisement. Legal Factors: Every company has to deal with the legal criteria set by the government. There must be some standard that are set by the company to meet with the government rules and regulations. Government set standards on the behalf of consumers. They made various traffic lights labels which shows the quality of the product that help the nonusers to choose the right product. For example red dot represent high level of ingredients like fat and unsaturated fats and green dot represent low level of fat. There are some guidelines set by the government for the companies in relation of quality. Some of the guidelines are also called daily amount guidelines, which represent the daily intake of the fats and unsaturated fats. Advertising also comes under legal factors. It supervised by the voluntary body that related to advertising industry. This special authority called advertising standards authority. Economic Factors: One of the mall challenges of the company Is people’s rolling Income. This was big problem for the company because as the Income rises then, people prefer to buy the superior varlets of the products. As the people becoming richer they prefer ready to eat meal and ready meals rather than buying potatoes and chips at home. So responsible for health. Then, McCain introduces the various products like Mccain straight cut, oven chips, Home fries, roast potatoes etc. Technological factors: Technology is the most important challenges for the company. Food technology plays an important role in this modern economy. Some of the challenges for the companies like frozen products, muesli bars etc. One of the main challenges for the company how to retain the quality of the potatoes products. B. Two strength and two Weaknesses of McCain foods in emerging the organization sustainability. Strength McCain company toughly emphases on the quality of its products. It hires more than 90 agronomist’s potato experts at 55 production facilities across 6 continents, to help local producers to grow best quality of potatoes and vegetables that the company can use those products in manufacturing its products and also confirm consistent supply. McCain Research Farms concentrate on emerging quality agricultural products. (An, 2014) McCain Company drives a Potato Processing Technology Centre in Canada and frequently improvisation’s manufacturing processes in order to increase efficiency and product value. An, 2014) The company’s thoughtlessly on keeping high quality levels for raw materials distinguishes its products from others intone market and increases the brand image. (An, 2014) Nakedness’s The company has slightest presence in developing the organic segments of food. Organic and natural food products are now becoming the rapid growing classification in food retail sector. Consumer awareness organic alternatives for food products and increasing health anxieties about Junk food have headed to chirography in this particular segment. An, 2014) Restricted existence in a reckless growing product sector mayhap an unfavorable mark on the company’s market share. Downtrends status McCain has been popular as a private company; it could face problems in getting money for outgrowth owing to its ownership status. Private ownership’s the company at a reasonable disadvantage. (An, 2014) (Strauss, 2014) Adaptability culture is the most corporate culture that McCain need to adopt for their tragedies. In adaptability culture, company develops in external environment. Company need to response as soon as possible when the company makes the decision. It involves the high-risk decisions that get quick feedback from the environment. Managers need to encourage the company staff so that company needs to detect rapidly. Three reasons that make adaptability culture better than others are as below: 1 . The first reason is that it is flexible by nature. Whenever, company need to change the strategies according to customers needs then, company can change any time and very easily. Customer need changes according to time then, it is the first duty of the company to be focused the needs of customer. 2. Employees have self-rule to make decision and also act freely to meet the new needs of customers. Employees should know regarding their decision. If the employees participate a lot in the responsiveness to customers then, those decision will be highly value and appreciated. 3. Company need to be creative as well doing experimentation on new products according to the customers need. For example, In the market, there is customer need come in front of the company and company start working on it then, many can easily introduce the new product. Vision Strategy (http://www. McCain. Com, 2014) Some of the company objectives are as below: Acquire the highest market share Boost the sales of the company Satisfy the customer and its need Personalization for shareholders Growing together business strategy customers and consumers through the development of our people, stewardship of the environment and our actions as a responsible corporate citizen We believe that social responsibility is an expression of how we conduct all aspects of our business and cannot be defined within a single program or policy. This belief is reflected in the Growing Together business strategy we introduced in 2005, which is anchored by three interdependent pillars: Distributed and networked leadership: Developing people as leaders at all levels of the organization and collaborating through learning and project networks to leverage our global scale and best practices. Market facing: Making decisions at the closest level to the customer and creating demand for our products through innovation, value, differentiation and in the way we interact with our customers and consumers. Global CARS report, 2009) Corporate social responsibility: Making good, nutritious food on the principles of sustainability and food safety and supporting our employees, customers and consumers in their aspiration for a Better Life. Coach section of this report – Respecting our Environment, Inspiring Wellness and Positively Impacting our People – describes the policies, practices and initiatives that underpin our strategy a nd the progress we are making on our Journey of continuous improvement in advancing our goals in a socially responsible manner. Global CARS report, 2009) Advantages and disadvantages of Management-by-objective Management by Objectives MOB can likewise be alluded as Management by Results or Goal Management, and is focused around the presumption that contribution prompts responsibility and if a worker takes part in objective setting and additionally setting norms for estimation of execution towards that objective, then the representative will be roused to perform better and in a way that straightforwardly helps the accomplishment of authoritative goals. Advantages of Management by Objectives 1 . Since Management by targets (MOB) is a result-turned process and concentrates n setting and controlling objectives, if urges chiefs to do unity gritty arranging. 2. Both the top managers and the Juniors realize what is anticipated from them and consequently there is no part imprecision or disarray. When both top managers and subordinates know each other about there work then, there will be no confusion between them. Disadvantages of Management by Objectives 1 . MOB can be accomplishing because it has the complete backing of the top management. If the McCain top manager will not supportive with there staff then, the strategies will no completed. Whatever, strategic plan made by the management should be related to staff. 2. They may be less weight to co-occur with the administration during setting objectives and goals and these objectives may be set unreasoningly high. This may low down their assurance and they may get to be suspicious about the logic behind MOB. Control System to improve Production process and product quality Controlling is one of the most important functions, which consist planning, organizing, staffing and directing. It is important because It help the company to correct the errors and to take corrective action so that divergence from tankards are minimized and the set goals of the company are achieved in the desired manner. Control in management means to improve the production process, Feed forward Control Concurrent Control Feedback Control Afterwards Afterwards is a communication term that refers to regulate impact to a person or a company from which anybody can expect output. Feed Forward is not like pre- feedback, because it helps to measure an output and also help in sending the feedback. For example, if pre-feedback is occurred during quality and production process which is really easy for the organization to get an idea of the output. It also involves a document of review and giving post information regarding the production and quality process. Concurrent control will be control that happens in the meantime as a task is happening. This observing and controlling comprises of the courses of action that project execution so that potential issues might be distinguished in a promising way and correct procedures could be made, when needed, to control the execution of the task. If any project is under process in production unit then, concurrent control strategy can be used during that process. It will help the managers to observe and intro and of course, actions can be taken for correct execution of the process. Feedback is a method in which data about the past or the present impacts the same phenomenon in the present or future. As a part of a chain of its effect and causes that forms a circuit, the occasion is said to â€Å"feedback† into itself. Feedback† exists between two sections when each affects the other. As a company tries to improve its performance, feedback helps to make some adjustments. Feedback helps to motivate the people in the work place. When anybody receives positive or negative feedback, hat person decides how to apply that feedback on his or her Job. In the production and quality process of the company, if any employee receive the positive feedback then, that person will automatically motivated towards company. How to cite Mccain, Papers

Management Skills Managing Cultural Diversity

Question: Discuss about the Management Skills for Managing Cultural Diversity. Answer: Introduction: In an article, Workplace Bullying: A Complex Problem in Contemporary Organizations authored by Alexia Georgakopoulos, LaVenaWilkin and Brianna Kent in International Journal of Business and Social Science Volume 2, Issue 3 during 2011, workplace bullying is identified as a grave problem affecting the operations of the business institutions. The article effectively underlies and analyses different reasons and factors that contribute in generating bullying activity at the workplace. The same is reflected in Appendix 1. Further, the article also hints at effective solutions that need to be undertaken at the organisational level for reducing the growth and impact of workplace bullying. The same is reflected in Appendix 2. The study in the research article was mainly conducted to evaluate the factors causing workplace bullying. The study also focused on identifying the different types of interventions that are needed to be undertaken for countering workplace bullying. The evaluation of the factors and solutions regarding workplace bullying is carried out for helping the United States- based firms understand and identify situations. Also, actions need to be taken to reduce its impacts (Galpin, 2011). Further, the articles objective is to increase potential awareness related to workplace bullying and also the costs associated with it. The study also indicated the contagiousness of the bullying behaviour at the workplace. Bullying activities and behaviours reflected on the part of the business managers are observed to encourage bullying behaviour among the subordinate groups involved in the various organisational departments (DesslerTeicher, 2004). The bullying behaviour reflected by senior groups in an organisation is ideally observed by subordinates as an integral part of the organisational culture. The research article also reflects existence and growth of workplace bullying in multinational organisations employing a diverse workforce (Dulaimi Sailan, 2011). Workplace bullying in a diverse workforce gains needed strength in that person belonging to the minority groups and also from diverse ethnic, social, sexual and educational backgrounds become the subject of bullying activities (Antunes, 2010). The lack of needed awareness regarding the identification of activities classified as workplace bullying affects the understanding of the peoples manner. The same can be tackled for generation of individual and group productivity (Brown, 2011). The research article finally highlights on the different policy implications that needed to be undertaken for reducing the occurrences associated with workplace bullying. Generation of skill-based training for organisational managers constitute an effective aspect that can help them in managing and countering the impacts of organisational bullying (Grimshaw, 2009). Similarly, the generation of videos reflecting examples and styles of workplace bullying is needed to carry out for contributing to the growth of potential awareness among people involved along different levels and units in the business institution (Orrick, 2008). The complexity of workplace bullying is reflected in the research article that varies bullying practices from situation to situation and organisation to organisation. The article argues that different types of solutions and problem-solving approaches to be undertaken for effectively resolving the issues associated with bullying conducts at workplaces (Georgakopoulos et al., 2011). Traumatic Experiences of Workplace Bullying David Farmer in the research article, Workplace Bullying: An increasing epidemic creating traumatic experiences for targets of workplace bullying published in International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Volume 1, No.7 during 2011 reflects the different types of traumatic experiences faced by organisational members for an existence of workplace bullying. It also reflects on the various types of policy recommendations that are needed to be undertaken by the organisational managers for reducing the impact of workplace bullying (Yeung, 2011). The research article potentially highlights the adverse impacts of bullying activities on the part of managers and other subordinate groups on other organisational members in the business institution. Survey carried out amongst organisational members reflect adverse impacts of workplace bullying like increased level of anxiety, disturbed sleeping conditions, loss of needed concentration, depressive conditions and also the emergence of panic attacks (Elearn, 2009). The article potentially reflects that the incidence and growth of disruptive health conditions are directly proportional to the increase in the level of workplace bullying. Individuals suffering from low-esteem become the potential sufferers of workplace bullying practices. Sufferers of workplace bullying feel stressed out such that the same affects their productivity and performance (Budhwar Debrah, 2013). Further, different types of intervention strategies like counselling individuals responsible for the bullying activities and also a collaboration with organisational leaders for generation of effective policies and rules are undertaken for reducing the impacts of bullying activities at the workplace (Zinyemba, 2014). This article thus generates potential importance in understanding the adverse impacts of workplace bullying on the psychological and physiological situation of organisational members. Similarly, the research article also reflects the importance of the development of an ombudsman and the Employee Assistance Program or EAP that would increasingly help in generation of needed assistance to employees that are sufferers of bullying activities in their workplaces (Ishaq Zuilfqa, 2014). The research article effectively contributes in highlighting different types of policy recommendations like zero-tolerance of workplace bullying, development of health and safety policies and incorporation of training and developmental programs for reducing the incidence of workplace bullying (McKenna Russell, 2008). Evidence of the use of intervention programs like the same mentioned above is also highlighted in the research article subjected to business organisations operating in various regions and provinces of Canada and United States (Farmer, 2011). The research article authored by Farmer (2011) potentially elucidates on the different types of intervention programs that are needed to be undertaken by the organisational managers for reducing the impacts of workplace bullying. The elucidation of the impacts of the workplace bullying, also the generation of different intervention programs associated with workplace bullying is carried out effectively in the research article authored by Farmer (2011) compared to that generated in the research article authored by Georgakopoulos et al. (2011). Efficacy of the Intervention Programs The article authored by Chris Woodrow and David E. Guest, When good HR gets bad results: exploring the challenge of HR implementation in the case of workplace bullying in Human Resources Management Journal, Volume 24, no. 1 during 2014 discusses that the efficacy of the intervention programs for reducing the impact of workplace bullying gains holds based on the potential recordings of evidence and situations concerning bullying practices at workplaces. Woodrow and Guest (2014) reflect that absence of effective awareness regarding workplace bullying makes it even harder and difficult for being identified. It is argued the growth of the number in reporting practices regarding workplace bullying would contribute in the identification of the different types and patterns of bullying taking place in the organisation. The effective remedial measures can be taken at different accords for controlling and governing the bullying activities at the workplaces (Zgheib, 2014). The growth in the level of reporting practices regarding workplace bullying and the development of potential policies and measures for tackling such would evidently help in developing a bullying free work culture in the organisation (Leverett Leverett, 2013). Further, the journal article also focuses on understanding the factors that contribute in facilitating or rather obstructing the implementation process concerning human resources policies for countering workplace bullying. The existence of mixed messages regarding the implementation of the policies with also the failure in generating needed priority in understanding the subcultures of the subordinate groups has made difficult for implementing the human resources policies (Jones, 2013). The research also suggests of an effective coordination between the organisational managers, human resources department and the employees and other subordinate groups for countering the emergence of workplace bullying. The development of effective communication between the organisational members contributes in reducing the chances of emergence of workplace bullying events (Woodrow Guest, 2014). Workplace Bullying Increasing Employee Burnout S.G. Trepanier, C. Fernet and S. Austin states in A Longitudinal Investigation of Workplace Bullying, Basic Need Satisfaction, and Employee Functioning published during 2014 in Journal of Occupational Health Psychology that workplace bullying increases employee burnout and also the enhancement of workplace stress that affects both individual and organisational productivity and performance in an enhanced fashion (Cascarino, 2012). The article argues that continual exposure of employees to workplace bullying happens to affect their psychological needs. Similarly, increase in the duration of bullying activities at the workplace significantly impacts the professional development and sense of autonomy of the employees in the workplace (Bono Heijden, 2011). However, the research indicates a future direction were employees that have become sufferers from workplace bullying tend to focus on the gaining on social support from their colleagues and peers (Dulaimi Sailan, 2011). The reduction in the level of autonomy in the workplace with also increase burnout of the employees makes them feel cynical about the job. Again, the reduced access of the employees to both physical and psychological resources in the workplace contributes to increasing their level of exhaustion. This is a reason why they want to quit the job (Schoeman, 2014). Similarly, the increase in the level of workplace bullying tends to create a sense of doubt and emotional drain for the employees. The sufferers of workplace bullying continually focus their energies on anticipating their future meetings with the person responsible for bullying and the manner they would respond to the new bullying tactics of the person. The research article further reflects that employees that tend to have a lack in the level of physical and psychological resources at the initial level tend to further feel a sense of emotional distress affecting their accessibility to further resources (BramoulleÃÅ'  Goyal, 2009). The uncontrollable amount of workplace bullying in an organisation potentially affects the commitment and vitality levels of the employees thereby reducing the performance and productivity levels of staffs. The reciprocal relationship between increases in the amount of workplace bullying with the level of employee attrition in the organisation tends to further enhance workplace stress for the other employees in the organisation. This further enhances the amount of employee burnout contributing to growth in future employee attrition rates (Trpanier et al., 2014). Comparisons between the Above Researches A comparison between the research conducted by Trepanier et al. (2014) and Farmer (2011) reflect that the former focuses on reflecting the impact of workplace bullying on the psychological situation of the employees while the latter goes further in evaluating the use of different types of intervention programs for reducing the impacts of workplace bullying on the organisational workforce. Again, the study of the research article authored by Woodrow and Guest (2014) potentially reflects on the factors addressing the failure and reducing the problems associated with workplace bullying. It reflects on the lack of awareness among the types of organisational members and managers regarding and patterns of workplace bullying as in the research by Georgakopoulos et al. (2011) along with the different types of solutions that needs to be taken for managing and solving the workplace problems from using the activities of bullying at the workplace. Woodrow and Guest (2014) reflect that the proper reporting practices are needed for bullying practices at workplace contribute in further aggravating the problem in the organisations. This leads to continued tension in the organisation and also in reducing the efficiency and productivity in a mutual fashion for both the employees and the business institution. The development of awareness and skill development training programs for both the managers and the subordinate staffs regarding workplace bullying contributes not only in identifying such but also in effectively countering its impacts. Georgakopouloset. al. (2011) also argued that workplace bullying not only impacts on the psychic level of the organisational workforce but also adds to the operational and manpower cost of the organisation. The article also reflected the need for a development of tailor-made solutions for addressing workplace-bullying problems. The types of workplace bullying tend to vary from situation to situation and from organisation to organisation. The same tends to add the level of complexity of the problems associated with workplace bullying. Implementation and Reflection Week 1 Monday 12th September 2016 I undertook a library study both on a grosser and virtual level for understanding the aspects of workplace bullying. Tuesday 13th September 2016 Along with collection of needed anecdotes, I further focused on observing issues regarding workplace bullying in the university campus among my colleagues and students of other units Wednesday 14th September 2016 I undertook a survey of people both on the university campus and regional workplaces that have become sufferers of workplace bullying. Thursday 15th September 2016 Evaluated the results gained from the survey with the inferences gained from the literature studied to identify gaps. Friday 16th September 2016 Started making diary postings regarding issues showing evidence of bullying practices at workplaces. Saturday 17th September 2016 Asked the sufferers of the bullying practices to undertake a passive approach on issues concerning bullying practices. Sunday 18th September 2016 Finally, focused on understanding whether the passive approach to bullying practices would help in a sustaining confidence of the sufferers. Week 2 Monday 19th September 2016 Undertook a personal evaluation of me working in a bullying situation at the workplace. Tuesday 20th September Attended webinars for understanding the impacts of workplace bullying. Wednesday 21st September 2016 Create realistic goals and visions regarding the creation of a bullying-free workplace. Thursday 22ndSeptember 2016 To improve personal and group motivation for countering bullying activities at the workplace. Friday 23rd September 2016 To motivate my peers and other students to counter bullying in the campus. Saturday 24th September 2016 Focus on evaluating the impacts of motivation for fighting against workplace bullying. Sunday 25th September 2016 To understand whether countering of workplace bullying has increased productivity. Week 3 Monday 26th September 2016 Development of personal and group awareness regarding workplace bullying. Tuesday 27th September 2016 Reflect both on the inputs gained from empirical discussions and seminars concerning tactics for reducing workplace bullying. Wednesday 28th September 2016 Focus on creating realistic goals for reducing bullying practices at the campus. Thursday 29th September 2016 Help in the management of stressful situations through the involvement of meditation techniques. Friday 30th September 2016 Focus on understanding how my involvement helped them in countering the impacts of bullying. Saturday 1st October 2016 Development of my listening and observation skills for dealing effectively with workplace bullying. Sunday 2nd October 2016 Develop an effective relationship with the people that I had engaged with for dealing with workplace bullying. Implementation I countered a problem regarding the management of the three-week period involving the study of literature, attending conferences and different workplaces for gaining evidence regarding workplace bullying. (See Appendix 3) The same required me to drop the idea of visiting different workplaces for gaining a direct understanding of workplace bullying and the modes of dealing with it. I also failed in consulting a large number of journals and other online cases reflecting empirical evidence on workplace bullying. I also planned for conducting effective interviews and surveys with students studying in different universities that have been sufferers of bullying practices. Owing to my busy schedule, I failed in surveying and interviewing of students of different universities and business institutions that have been sufferers of workplace bullying. (See Appendix 4) I only limited my interview and survey activity regarding the student groups in my own university failing to extend the same beyond the purview of the university campus to other institutions and workplaces. The interviewing of students relating to my own university reflected potential evidences regarding the occurrences of bullying practices within the educational campus. Conducting of interviews and surveys also contributed in earning information regarding intervention procedures and activities that are undertaken by the university authorities for reducing of bullying and ragging practices inside the campus. Reflection The learning gained from the above topic ideally helped me in understanding the different categories and types of workplace bullying. It also contributed in evaluating the impacts of the workplace bullying activities on the productivity and performance of the employees in the organisations. Finally, the study of the topic also highlighted on the different types of intervention mediums that can be undertaken by the organisational manager relating to the effective identification and reporting of workplace bullying and also the different types of consultation, motivation and governing and monitoring strategies that can be undertaken by the business manager for reducing the emergence and impacts of workplace bullying. My experiences regarding the impacts of workplace bullying on the emotional and physical situation of the employees and organisational staffs ideally reason the study made regarding the impacts of workplace bullying on the organisational members. My personal experiences potentially highlight that continual pressure generated by senior members of the organisation both in terms of physical and emotional bullying happened to reduce the productivity and performance potential of the workers in a retail institution. The same also promoted increased levels of attrition of the employees from the retail firm that affected the performance of the firm as a whole. The study of the above topic regarding workplace bullying ideally contributed in clarifying my understanding regarding workplace bullying. It helped me to ideally understand the manner in which the activities associated with workplace bullying can be potentially identified by the organisational managers and the different strategies that can be undertaken from time to time and based on diverse workplace and bullying situations for tackling the impacts of such on individual and group performances of organisational members. In the university I was appointed as a group or task leader appointed by the university authorities for the effective management and completion of different educational tasks and also in carrying out excursion events. I continually worked in close cooperation with the different team members belonging to the different task groups such that it would help in potentially involving and empowering the members to take individual decisions. Team leaders operating under me however reflected bullying behaviour in influencing the group members for faster completion of the tasks. They also reflected needed biasness in supporting some group members based on their liking at the cost of the effort rendered by other members. In my tenure as a Departmental Manager in a retail firm, I focused on tackling the issue of workplace bullying that was rendered by the team leader of the grocery department of the subordinate members. Recording practices were developed such that the same helped in identification of the bullying offered by the team leader on the subordinate staffs along the different departments in the retail institution. The team leader tended to act in a bossy manner over the subordinate staffs such that he ordered the staffs to meet the visual merchandising, sales and customer servicing targets while him not getting involved with the potential activities. The subordinate staffs were also restrained by the team leader from generating any effective suggestion or recommendation for completing the tasks. The intervention programs also included development of awareness programs and team meeting for carrying out discussions with the team leader and subordinate staffs regarding countering cases of workpl ace bullying. The intervention programs are undertaken by me effectively helped the subordinate staffs through empowering the staffs for taking decisions regarding visual merchandising and other sales and customer servicing issues. The subordinate staffs reported that they were very pleased and satisfied regarding the reduction of workplace bullying which helped them to work in a productive fashion in the firm. The lessons gained from the study of the topic regarding workplace bullying reflected that the identification of different types of workplace bullying is critical for both the managers and employees. The lesson reflected that identification and evaluation of workplace bullying are difficult for both the managers and the employees on account of its complexity and also because of its varying nature based on diverse workplace situations. References Afiouni, F, Karam, CM El-Hajj, H 2012, ' The HR value proposition model in the the Arab Middle East: identifying the contours of an Arab Middle Eastern HR model', The International Journal of HumanResource Management, vol 24, no. 10, pp. 1895-1932. Al-Horr, K 2011, 'Convergence or Diversity in National Recruitment and Selection Practices: A Case Study of the State of Qatar', Journal of Business Diversity , vol 11, no. 1, pp. 47-55. Amnesty International 2013, 'Promising Little, Delivering Less', Amnesty International , London. Bansal, S. and K. Sharma, B 2014, Implementation of Neural Network in Cost Factors of E-AdvertisementIJAIS, 7(11), pp.15-17. Bayo-Moriones, A. and Ortin-Angel, P. 2006. Internal Promotion versus External Recruitment in Industrial Plants in Spain ILR Review, 59(3), pp.451-470. Bianchi, C. and Winch, G 2006, Unleashing growth potential in 'stunted' SMEs: insights from simulator experiments IJESB, 3(1), p.92. Bono, SD Heijden, BVD 2011, Managing Cultural Diversity, Meyer Meyer Verlag, Germany. Brown, JN 2011, The Complete Guide to Recruitment: A Step-by-step Approach to Selecting, Assessing and Hiring the Right People, Kogan Page Publishers , United States. Budhwar, PS Debrah, YA 2013, Human Resource Management in Developing Countries, Routledge, New York. Cascarino, RE 2012, Corporate Fraud and Internal Control: A Framework for Prevention, John Wiley, and Sons, United Kingdom. Dulaimi, SHA Sailing, MSB 2011, 'Examining National Culture Of Qatar', Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, vol 5, no. 10, pp. 727-735. Elearn 2009, Recruitment and Selection Revised Edition, Routledge , New York. Ercenap, I. (2006). Nepotism and favoritism in the banking industry. Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus: Eastern Mediterranean University. Farmer, D., 2011. Workplace Bullying: An increasing epidemic creating traumatic experiences for targets of workplace bullying. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science , 1(7), pp.196-203. Galpin, D. (2011). The Survival Guide for Newly Qualified Social Workers in Adult and Mental Health Services. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Georgakopoulos, A., Wilkin, L. Kent, B., 2011. Workplace Bullying: A Complex Problem in Contemporary. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(3), pp.1-20. Grimshaw, E 2009, The Perfect Fit, DragonRising Publishing, United States. Ishaq, HM Zuilfqa, A 2014, 'TO INVESTIGATE THE MODERATING ROLE OF FAVORITISM ON EMPLOYEES MOTIVATION', Science International , vol 26, no. 1, pp. 347-351. Jones, RG 2013, Nepotism in Organizations, Routledge , New York. Jureidini, R 2014, 'Migrant Labour Recruitment to Qatar', Qatar Foundation Migrant Worker Welfare Initiative, Qatar. Kamrava, M 2015, Qatar: Small State, Big Politics, Updated Edition, Cornell University Press, United Kingdom. Leverett, F Leverett, HM 2013, Going to Tehran: Why the United States Must Come to Terms with the Islamic Republic of Iran, Macmillan, United Kingdom. Machado, C 2015, International Human Resources Management: Challenges and Changes, Springer, United Kingdom. McKenna, M., and Russell, P. (2008). Free will and reactive attitudes. Farnham, England: Ashgate. Nelson, A. and Brown, C. (2012). The gender communication handbook. San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer, A Wiley Imprint Orrick, W 2008,Recruitment, retention, and turnover of police personnel, Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas. Robinson, R 2008, Cost. New York: Farrar, Straus Giroux. Rothstein, B 2011, The Quality of Government: Corruption, Social Trust, and Inequality in International Perspective, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Schoeman, C 2014, Ethics Can: Managing Workplace Ethics, Knowles Publishing, United States. Smart, C 2014,Cost Risk Allocation Theory and Practice Journal of Cost Analysis and Parametrics, 7(2), pp.72-100. Trpanier, S.-G., Fernet, C. Austin, S., 2014. A Longitudinal Investigation of Workplace Bullying, Basic Need Satisfaction, and Employee Functioning. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, pp.1-12. Woodrow, C. Guest, D.E., 2014. When good HR gets bad results: exploring the challenge of HR implementation in the case of workplace bullying. human resource management journal, 24(1), pp.38-56. Yeung, R., 2011, Successful interviewing and recruitment, London: Kogan Page Zgheib, PW 2014, Business Ethics and Diversity in the Modern Workplace, IGI Global, United Kingdom. Zinyemba, AZ 2014, 'The Challenges of Recruitment and Selection of Employees in Zimbabwean Companies', International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), vol 3, no. 1, pp. 29-33.

Physics Objectives Uncensored free essay sample

A lyricist since grade school, a writer since kindergarten, and an incessant chatterbox since the age of three, my life has long quested for the chef d’oevre, the masterpiece, the culmination of Hannah C.: the composition that I bestow upon the world that may define me and my existence as thoroughly as possible. â€Å"Bomb of the Bongos,† â€Å"Textbooks and Torture,† The Volcano- never will I deny their importance in my heart and self-esteem. But their importance in my college application? Marginal. No, the quintessence of Hannah C. is no song, short story, or novel. My masterpiece is the time I wrote my physics homework using the diction of rap metal wizards Rage Against the Machine. Rage Against the Machine is not the world’s greatest band, but they are the most unintentionally hilarious. Genius in the art of writing the same song 47 times and making it awesome every go, their vocabulary is more or less limited to â€Å"oil wars,† â€Å"guerrilla radio,† and â€Å"[expletive deleted] you, I won’t do what you tell me!† This, I felt, made for unequivocal communication of IB Physics’s Topic 8, which details the glory of electricity and global warming in 92 essay questions Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Physics Objectives Uncensored or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Martinez didn’t consider important enough to include in his curriculum. Luckily for me and the looming IB exam, electricity and global warming are my two favorite things to study. In fourth grade, I embarked on a quest to comprehend every aspect of electricity available to eight-year-olds, scouring libraries for knowledge of metallic bonds, greenhouse gases, and photovoltaic modules. Through my formative years I have fostered this knowledge with Science News and stolen textbooks, and glancing through my 92 Objective Statements I realized I did not even need to read the chapter. I did anyway, but it only amplified my already-dangerous overconfidence. â€Å"Your responses are for your personal studying only,† Mr. Martinez assured us. â€Å"I’m not even going to read it.† I’ll never be completely sure why I took â€Å"This is for your studying purposes only,† as â€Å"You should definitely use 155 swear words to answer these questions,† but I did. I spent three days and seven hours writing answers to questions I’d already encoded in my heart, and they were some of the most joyous hours of my junior year. There is something almost magical about reducing complex ideas to simplistic notions; brilliant about communicating mathematical applications as senseless barbarism. It is only rarely that my creative demon rears its deformed nostrils, that I dive in sideways to a straightforward problem, but it is these excursions that teach me who I am. I am the person who solves conservation of energy problems with kinematics. I am the person who integrates improper fractions with seven integrands instead of long division. I am the person who sometimes sees the sensible way, sometimes sees the stupid way, but derives infinitely more pleasure in formulating my own arcane madness than memorizing the textbook approach. Every IB-Style exam in physics, every challenge problem in calculus, every data-based application in biology- a chance to use my own mind, my own problem-solving- this is where I shine. I can parrot biology back to you, demonstrate my perfectly spoon-fed calculus, but that doesnt mean Ill ever enjoy it. What I need, what I crave, is my own initiative, my own words, love, drive, insanity- I am Hannah C., I am bizarre, and my essence is Physics Objectives: Uncensored.

Chemical Reaction Essay

Chemical Reaction Essay Chemical Reaction Essay jTask 3 - D4 Within my report I was aiming to look and the rate of reaction and how it increases while the temperature increases. This experiment was completed and through out the experiment the temperature increases and decreases because the hydrochloric acid and the sodium thiosulfate. The aim of this experiment was to time how long it would take for chemical solution to be able to turn translucent. When the temperature of the chemicals increase, then the atoms would rapidly produce kinetic energy. So therefore more kinetic energy will be produced because of the head on collision. So in summary the rate of reaction will be quicker or faster. Where as in the enzyme report, shows that experiment was used to see if the temperature would have effected the Autolytic Enzyme System which needs a minimum energy aspect which would met the chemical reaction which occurs of the Streptococcus Faecalis. This means that the cells would become destructive because of the own actions in the enzymes. My own report and the enzyme report are both completing the same task which is to investigate weather the temperature increase with the rate of reaction. In addition in my there were many different temperatures taken in my experiment so that the experiment shown a wide variety of results. Furthermore in my experiment the rate if reactions was between 0.1 sodium thiosulfate and 1m hydrochloric acid. In my experiment the sodium was used to help increase the rate of reaction. In addition in my experiment it was visible that the rate of reaction was increasing when the temperature would increase. The similarities and differences between my report and the enzyme report would be that the

Speech Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Speech Class - Essay Example Each of these kinds of friends has a different aspect and meaning for our lives. There are many traits that a best friend has, for example, which are not the same as a formal friend. These types of friends also differ in numbers: a person might have only a few close friends, and at the same time, they will likely have any number of informal friends from day to day. Friends are important, and we would not be able to get by in life without them. But we have to know which category our friend fits into, as a process of reflecting on relationships. Informal friends are persons whom we accidentally meet: maybe while traveling, in school, or on official duty. They are the type of friend who we can feel free to say hello and with whom we may have a chat. We may not have much information about them, like their whereabouts, job or family. Such friends may not have much influence in our life. We deal with them casually. They are more like acquaintances than friends. This type of friend will not have much of an impact on your life. You do not miss them when they are away from you. You generally do not object to their company, and would like to have a cup of tea or coffee with them. But if you are in the midst of some work, you do not mind parting with their company. One may know this type of friend throughout their school career, but they might never talk to each other outside their school. This type of friend comes and goes, and many people have many informal friends throughout their life, even numbering into the hundreds. Informal friends are nice to talk to, but you never intend to have anything more in your relationship with them. They are casual friends and there is no deep relationship that is planned. You just talk with them and then go on your merry way. You talk with them about common topics like hobbies or classes. But you can not talk with them about yours or their personal life and

Education and Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Education and Religion - Essay Example As the world continues to reel from the effects brought about by technological change, the religious educational community is now experiencing the challenges associated with the transition to a more learner-personalized, ICT-enabled education. Some questions reflect the search for purpose behind the technology transition: Why do we need to integrate technology into the religiosity? How can technology support learners’ religious-based educational experiences? How can technology support a more productive future in learning about Judaism? In recent years, there has been notable strategic guidance and investment in ICT initiated and sustained by various First World governments. ICT as a term has been featured as a replacement of ‘IT’. ICT represents the computing and communication facilities and features that are used to assist teaching, learning and a wide array of activities in education (Ager 2003). Other definitions of ICT relate to ICT as a capability or â€Å"l iteracy†. Based on the discussion of religious-based education, Information Technology (IT) makes up the knowledge, skills, and understanding necessary to utilize information and communication technologies optimally, securely, and meaningfully across the contexts of learning, work, and daily life. Similarly, ICT is referred to as"literacy" by the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and is defined as: "the interest, attitude, and ability of students to appropriately use digital technology and communication tools to access, manage, integrate and evaluate information, construct new knowledge, and communicate with others in order to participate effectively in society". Thus, the integration of ICT into RE only underlines the necessity for acquiring new skills for a new age. In 2004, the first non-statutory nationwide support for teaching REwas started. This has been launched mutually by the QCA, the DCSF, key UK religious groups and RE experts, this framework: "supports the entitlement to RE for all students, regardless of race and civilization; specified national expectations for teaching and learning in RE; and provides guidance for teachers (QCA 2004). What exactly are the activities and outcomes related to quality teaching of Religious Education What about quality learning in learning Judaism Such an inquiry draws even more questions - and not surprisingly, produces multiple perspectives as to what should be deemed as "acceptable" quality of teaching-learning. The impact of ICT on religious students at all the key stages has been highly commendable. It has given them access to a new world of information and knowledge, and guided information as to which is available through their teachers. Annually, research is undertaken to demonstrate enhancement in students' comprehension, skills, and knowledge in ICT use. Religious education contributes to students' social development by giving them an opportunity to reflect on the importance, for believers and others, of a sense of community and belonging. Students have an opportunity to consider how beliefs and values underpin societies and how and why believers and others try to make the world a better place for all. Pupils gain awareness of religious and cultural diversity within society and in other parts of the world (Best 1996). They have an opportunity to consider issues, such as justice, prejudice and extremism, that impact on societies. Establishing Criteria for Quality Teaching and Learning There has been a premium attached to ICT training of all practicing teachers in first world countries. It is encouraging to note that there has been a tremendous growth in the books, online materials, and handbooks for sharing and exchanging ideas, curriculum materials and case studies (Potter 2005). As an outcome, ICT has been gaining steady popularity among teachers/learners specifically for drafting and implementing lesson plans out of the classrooms. RE forums and chat rooms are one of the best ways to share ideas with fellow RE teachers and pick up tips, as are lists of favorite or popular

Autistic Childs Failure False Belief Task

Autistic Childs Failure False Belief Task Autistic Childs Failure False Belief Task Is caused by an Executive Function Deficit Autism is a neurological disease which is occasionally called (Classical Autism) and belongs to a class of developmental disorders called the Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). It develops at an early age in life, before the age of 3 years and presents itself by through â€Å"impaired social interaction, problems with verbal and nonverbal communication, and unusual, repetitive, or severely limited activities and interests† (Autism Fact sheet, 2007). Diseases which are included in the Autism spectrum disorders include pervasive developmental disorder and child disintegrative disorder. Other diseases falling in the category include Rett syndrome and Asperger syndrome etc. autism is estimated to affect around 3 to 6 out 1000 children (Autism Fact sheet, 2007). According to the Autism and developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network (ADDMN), the disease affected 1 in every 150 8 year old children in different regions of United States. Furthermore it has been seen in males four tim es more than in females (Centre for disease control and prevention, 2007). Autism is a complex syndrome and its identification can be missed in case of a mild form of the disease. It is a debilitating disease in some cases and in order to identify patients suffering from ASDs, doctors study the patient’s different aspects of behaviour. These include: Difficulty in making friends with people. Difficulty in starting conversations with people Patient’s conducting repetitive routines. Lack of imagination and inability to be social. The atypical and stereotyped use of language skills sometimes repeating sentences. Limited interests in subjects with abnormally focused mind (Autism Fact sheet, 2007) Although the stated patterns of behaviour alert the physicians about suspicion towards Autism, the complete explanatory framework for understanding autism ultimately has to encompass multiple aspects of the condition: 1) Aetiology (2) Brain structures and processes (3) Neuro-psychology (4) Symptoms or behaviours At the most basic level, aetiology of the condition is thought to be genetic as well as environmental. Both factors are thought to play a role in the future abnormalities in the developmental process of the brain structures at an early age, and the behavioural pattern, the mind becomes able to illicit. Researchers have been attempting in the recent years to pinpoint the exact relationship between the anomalies in the brain structures and the effect they have on the behavioural patterns in autistic people. A person’s ability to â€Å"control and regulate† behaviour through cognitive abilities is called Executive function of the brain (Executive functions, 2007). They are complex behavioural abilities which simple mental abilities like focus, motor skills and memory etc (Executive functions, 2007). Researches note that the autistic children suffer from executive function deficit. Utah Fith in 1985 along with fellow psychologists’ put forward the idea that the main mental deficit in autism could be their inability to assess their own and other’s mental states. This is known as the â€Å"theory of mind† (Johnston, E, 1997). The theory that children with autism lack the theory of mind (ToM) is supported by multitude of experiments concerning the testing of presence of ToM via false belief task which show that the autistic children usually fail to pass the test (Johnston, E, 1997). Discussion Autisms come under the spectrum disorder, which means the characteristics of the disease, can appear in different combinations and different intensity levels. The aspects of individuality of human personality make it difficult to apply similar diagnostic techniques to different children. Some of the symptoms of Autism are resistance to change, lack of social interaction, lack of eye contact, inappropriate association of things and objects, lack of physical reaction to different stimuli and non- responsiveness to verbal instructions and many more. There are many misconceptions about the disease and lack of awareness among the family members and associated people, which makes it difficult to be accepted and to development of appropriate treatments and special behavioural attention that is to be given to these special children. Two major factors that affect the future behaviour and progress of these children are the teachers and the parents. As these children cannot in most cases develo p and react like normal children. So parents and teachers play and important role in making them normal people this also depends on the severity of the diseases (Baron-Cohen, 2004, p96). False Belief task Theory of mind is the ability of a person to predict or anticipate what the other person will think or do i.e. to read a person. Children at the age of 4years old should be able to illicit this capability. The litmus test to assess if children have developed the theory of mind capability is through the False-belief Task. Children suspected of having deficit of ToM are put through a False-belief task. This task is used in the ToM research and checks the children’s comprehension of other people’s false beliefs (Young, S., 2008). The term False belief can be defined as â€Å"individual’s wrong belief’s about other’s thoughts† (Young, S., 2008). The false belief task checks through a series of questions â€Å"whether child can distinguish between newfound knowledge of a stimulus and previous thoughts about the stimulus of interest† (Young, S., 2008). It has been seen that autistic children do not learn this capability and this is seen through the false belief tasks. These tasks require a person to anticipate or predict another person’s behaviour. It has been seen that a majority of the autistic children fail this task. The ToM theory was first tested by Uta Frith and Baron Cohen et. al using the modified â€Å"Wimmer and Perner’s False belief task† (Johnston, E, 1997). It was found that of the 20 autistic children tested, more than 80% failed to identify the False-Belief task. Whereas children with Down’s syndrome with a mental age lower than those of the autistic children passed the task. The authors attributed the failure of the autistic children in this particular task to their lack of capability to imagine or predict the mental states of others (Johnston, E, 1997). Since then, it has become a common practice to associate autism with failure lack of development of ToM and failure of completing the F alse-belief task. We present two rationales to discard this exercise. First, fleeting the false belief task requires capabilities other than theory of mind. Second, theory of mind need not involve the aptitude to basis about false beliefs. We conclude with an alternative conception of the role of the false belief task. (Obernman et al., 2005, p190) Studies have shown that even though autistic children perform worse than ordinary children on the false-belief tasks, they have success rates greater than those of other mentally retarded children. These results lead us to suspect that even though children suffering from Autism have a reduced comprehension of the false beliefs, when compared to children without the disease, they do not provide clear evidence to support the theory that their mental deficit is in comparable to children who suffer from mental retardation. Executive Functions in Autism Executive function is a general term used to describe large spectrum higher level cognitive processes. These are layered processes with can involve, a person’s ability to detach self from context, or plan for future actions. These actions also include inhibitions of actions deemed inappropriate or actions which relate to responding to and adjusting ones behaviour according to feedback from people other than self. A commonality noted between autistic children and those with frontal lobe injury is their restricted and limited â€Å"stereotyped behaviour† (Happe, F. and Frith U 1996). This similarity in the both cases has led to the formation of a cognitive theory about autism. Children with autism seem to fair worse, when subjected towards â€Å"Wisconsin card sorting task, tower of Hanoi, fluency test, working memory, extra dimensional shift† (Happe, F. and Frith U 1996) etc as compared to those children who are mentally challenged but of a similar mental age as t he autistic children (Happe, F. and Frith U 1996). These significant findings have researchers suspecting the involvement of frontal lobe in the disease of autism. More importantly the new cognitive theory links autism directly to the decrease in one’s executive function execution and comprehension theory. Discovery of Autism When a child is discovered to be suffering for Autism it comes as a real shock for the parents and the family to accept the situation and accommodate the impairments of the child. It is very stressful for the family to grow an autistic child, and a challenge to deal with all the possible outcomes and reactions that they might have to face. The initial reactions of the family are always denial and anger, which is usually, spread over a number of days. It is followed by various other emotional reactions and for a few days the families suffer from emotional turmoil. The next stage is of acceptance and steps, to come in terms with the disease and proper procedures, which have to be taken to deal with the situation at hand. (Bauman, 2004, p791) The issue of Pretence The triad of autistic impairments according to Wing and Gould (1979) are imagination, communication and Socialization. The mind blindness hypothesis can give reason for the loss of socialization with other people and communication (verbal as well as non verbal). It would be logical to state that children who have deficits in communication and with social relationships, would have a difficult time understanding the thinking of others i.e. deficit in the theory of mind. This leaves us with the third component of the triad of characteristics found in the autistic children, i.e. the imagination. The imagination component works in a young child in the form of pretend play. The mind blindness theory cannot explain the absence or the impaired capability of the mind of an autistic child when it comes to pretence. (Bauman, 2004, p 794) The Obsessive Side of Autism The simplest explanation for the sometimes aggressive, repetitive and obsessive behaviour of autistic children can only be explained as the result of social alienation. This has been the traditional belief. A normal healthy young child spends most of its time occupied and overloaded with interactions of the social nature. The mind tries to â€Å"take in† all it can and learn the rules and responses to normal behaviour and actions. The expressions representing anger, the tone of voice which is inviting and loving, are all the interactions learnt at a very young age. A normal child mingles with parents, plays with the toys, and has, person read him imaginative bedtime stories. Severely Autistic children being handicapped in the sense that they are mind blinded cannot understand or comprehend these expressions and social activities, which are continuously thrown at them. The world is frustrating for this child has he has no understanding of the actions expressions of the gestures thrown at him. Therefore it can be thought of, as a natural phenomenon that autistic children would try to withdraw themselves from social atmosphere and into loneliness avoid further confusion. It would also seem logical that their learning and curious mind causes them to preoccupy themselves with simplistic and repetitive tasks which their mind can easily comprehend and keeps their mind occupied. We can also attempt to explain the focused attention and interest of children with autistic child as a means to distract one self from â€Å"opacity† of the social nature of the world and their lack of understanding of it (Bauman, 2004, p795). When we attempt to figure out how many social influences normal healthy children and adolescents have from their social environment, e.g. fictional books, movies sex, sports etc, we realise that we have an innate need for social interactions and they make heavy heavily on our social awareness and our personality as a whole. Keeping this in mind, we can also reason that autistic children also have the innate urge or the need to satisfy their mind with activities which make sense to them. Since they are hypothesised to be devoid of executive function, they preoccupy themselves with activities that they can comprehend like calendar dates time tables’ or any other activities which the later on excel at. There is certain evidence from research which leads us to believe that there is lack of flexibility in the autistic mind and this cannot simply be explained through the theory of social isolation (Bauman, 2004). Rowe et al, (2001) demonstrated in a study conducted on 31 patients that patients with frontal lobe defects reduced capacity for the executive function executions. These shows that loss of executive function comes from pathological tissue damage in the frontal cortex of the brain. They also demonstrated that the results relative to the executive mind defects were â€Å"independent of the theory of mind impairments† (Rowe et al, 2001). Several studies have also shown that autistic children fare worse than normal ones int he tasks involving planning and problem solving (Bauman, 2004). Even though this is consensus amongst some researchers that â€Å"autistic children have damage to their frontal lobe and the surrounding areas leading them to suffer from executive function deficit as well as mind blindness. These regions appear in proximity to the ones involving the tasks related to theory of mind (Bauman, 2004).This alone cannot be the basis on which we refute our position as any reliable theory about the autism has to explain the syndrome itself as well as the signs and symptoms that present themselves along with the main features of the syndrome. Deficits in executive control in Autism There is general association of the deficit of Executive function (control) with the pathological anomalies or any other aetiologies leading to damage of prefrontal region of the brain and specifically the dorsal region. Researchers still are cautious about findings related to executive dysfunctions in developmental disorders. They caution that the behavioural or functional disability need not necessarily reflect pathology in the above mentioned region of the brain which is thought to be involved with the executive function control. Rowe et al (2001) also found inconclusive evidence to support the hypothesis that the prefrontal cortex damage was the sole cause of executive function deficit. It was deducted from the study that executive function could be a result of a collaboration of inputs from the amygdale (Shaw, 2004) along with other regions including thalamus, striatum, hippocampus etc along with temporal and parietal lobes (Rowe et al, 2001). This means that the executive funct ion deficit is the result of more diffuse damage than previously expected. â€Å"The theory of mind theory of autism was experimentally tested with the now famous Sally-Ann version of Wimmer and Perners false belief task. In this task the child is shown two dolls, Sally and Ann. Sally has a basket and Ann has a box. The child watches as Sally places a marble in her basket and goes out. While Sally is out Ann moves the marble into her box. Sally returns. The question posed to the child is, Where will Sally look for the marble? Baron-Cohen, Leslie Frith tested 20 autistic children with mental ages well over 4 years; 16 (80%) failed to appreciate Sallys false belief. In contrast, 12/14 children with Downs syndrome of lower mental age succeeded on the task. Baron-Cohen et al attributed the high rate of autistic childrens failure on this false belief task to an inability to mentalize, to consider the mental states of self and others† (Johnston, E, 1997). This hypothesis postulates that social interactive and communicative abnormalities in autism are derived from a inability to understand other peoples minds and to interpret behaviour in terms of their underlying mental states particularly the ability to anticipate or predict the contents of anothers mind. How to Deal With Autism After the initial emotional reaction and acceptance comes the stage of devising strategies to make the child comfortable and acceptable at home and surroundings. There are many matters of concern that would than come face to face with the family. A resistance towards the child is developed which poses a greater threat to the future progress. The gap that is developed between the family and the child is to be overcome by patience and techniques. There are several well-planned techniques that the parents can use to communicate properly with their child. First of all they have to collect comprehensive information about the disease, and try to understand all the causes and their remedies. Proper medical help should be sought to initiate a proper treatment. Education about the disease and its particularities can be sought from various sources. Associations of the parents of the already suffering children are good source of information. The associations provide better guidance, counselling between families, opportunities to share experiences, about the adopted behaviour towards the child (George, 2004, p418). It is the parents duty to educate the people around the suffering child to accept the disorder and being receptive to the childs needs. They also have to disseminate information that they have collected around; a standard pattern of behaviour is established that will make the child comfortable. Seeking more and more information and then generalizing it will make it easy to deal with the circumstances. Along with the school the parents have to be extra careful about overcoming the gap between the child and themselves. They have to take up the place of an instructor along with a caretaker to make learning the deficiencies be prevailed over. The parents on their own have to try to develop the skills of the child. They can either learn to use the medical treatment procedures or simple home made tricks to improve on the respective weaknesses of the child. Their abnor mal responses to stimuli can be made better by exercising different activities like self-handling skills, show of particular responses in front of the child will make him to imitate. Sensory integration techniques can also be used at home to make their senses perform better. Role modelling can be done to make the childs communication better with other people. This way they can know how to react and behave with different people and can improve their eye contact and can carry themselves better. Bedtime stories and special games can improve their responses. They can be taught at home that how to develop on their touching and squeezing by making small toys of different textures, so they have a general idea. (Grigerenko, 1995, p205) The home environment should be made conducive for the child in terms of its safety and ease of movement. All the safety aspects of the windows, doors, sharp things and flames etc should be kept in mind. The Executive-Function Deficits There have been attempts to elucidate and explain the executive function deficit in people with autism through the reasoning of mind blindness theory it is too early to equate autism directly with complete executive function failure. â€Å"Problems in executive functions cannot explain all aspects of the nonsocial impairments in autism and more importantly, cannot, on the face of it, explain the intact and superior skills sometimes exhibited by autistic children. The spiky IQ profile is a case in point; block design, which is so often a peak in autism, is considered a good test of fluid intelligence, which in turn relies on executive abilities.† Happe, F. (1996). Executive function deficits are not limited to the disorder of autism. These deficits can be seen in â€Å"attention deficit disorders, hyper activity disorders, Tourette syndrome and phenylketonuria etc† Happe, F. (1996). Since these diseases amongst others do not follow the theory o mind therefore the executive function deficit cannot be expected to present itself in accordance with ToM in all case scenarios. (McEvoy, 2004, p563) A study by Baron, Cohen (1985) forms the basis for deviation from the traditional view. It dissociates recurrent and stuck-in-set â€Å"preservations in the cognitive performance of autistic individuals, showing that the former was specifically associated with the presence of lower-level repetitive behaviours (e.g. stereotyped movements), whereas the latter was specifically associated with the presence of higher-level repetitive behaviours (e.g. circumscribed interests)† (Joseph R M, 1999). â€Å"Yet, if the executive dysfunction theory is to provide a convincing alternative to the theory of mind view of autism, it needs to demonstrate similar associations between executive deficits and the impairments in social and communicative functioning that are so centrally defining of the disorder. Thus far, attempts to make such connections have not been replicated, or have suggested that executive deficits, although present, do not have a causal role in the social and communicative impairments.† (Joseph R M, 1999). Personal Thoughts Mind blindness hypothesis concerning autism presents and can even explain the often overlooked fact that people suffering from autism suffer not only from the inability to assign states of the mental sort to other people , but they also fail to achieve or assign a second order mental awareness level about themselves. It can be argued that the theory of mind hypothesis can be used to explain the self attribution and acknowledgement as well as other’s attribution. The theory of mind can easily account for and provide an explanation for autistic patient’s lack of self and other’s mental awareness. Explain the reason why autistic people have narrow range of interests’ and have deficits in comprehending problems and finding their solutions. This can be explained as autistics do not have second order awareness about their own thought processes. Conclusion In conclusion autistic disorder remains an enigma whose research studies have not yet managed to decipher the different parts to elucidate both the causes and the resulting disruption of brain function. However, it is hoped that the preliminary data obtained in neuropsychology, genetics, biochemistry or brain imaging may help in the coming years to identify subgroups of study subjects more homogeneous autism, providing other dimensions to explanation of the condition that the only concept too broad for autistic disorder. Since autism is a developmental disorder of the neurological type, it presents a challenge of how so diverse anomalies in higher centres of the body can lead to characteristic patterns and behaviours. Autism as a condition requires a lot of patience on part of the care takers to bring out positive changes in the patient. These children need acceptance and patience to be dealt with. Their comfort with the society and their mates at school will only be possi ble if they have the acceptance and proper dealing at home. Parents have the utmost responsibility to make things comfortable for their child and be supportive towards them so they can be better people accustomed to deal with their deficiencies in future. References and bibliography: Autism Fact sheet, (2007). National institute of neurological disorders and stroke. Retrieved on 30th March.2008 from http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/autism/detail_autism.htm Baron-Cohen, (2004), the essential difference. London: Penguin, 2004 Baron-Cohen S, Leslie A.M, Frith U. Does the autistic child have a ‘theory of mind’? Cognition 1985; 21: 37–46 Baron-Cohen, S., Richler, J., Bisaraya, d., Gurunathan, N. wheelwright, S. (2002) The systemizing quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal society London B. Available from Baron-Cohen’s web pages, p45 Centre for disease control and prevention (2007). Retrieved on 30th March.2008 from http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/symptoms.htm Executive functions, (2007). Retrieved on 30th March.2008 from http://www.minddisorders.com/Del-Fi/Executive-function.html Grigerenko, E. L. Stemberg, R. J. (1995) Thinking Styles, in Saklofske, D. H. Zeidner (eds) International handbook of Personality and Intelligence, New York; Plenum Press, 205-230 Happe, F. and Frith U (1996). The neuropsychology of Autism, Brain, 119; 1377-1400. Retrieved on 30th March.2008 from http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/119/4/1377?maxtoshow=HITS=10hits=10RESULTFORMAT=fulltext=autism+executive+function+deficitsearchid=1FIRSTINDEX=0resourcetype=HWCIT Happe, F. (1999) Autism: cognitive deficit or cognitive style, Trends in Cognitive sciences, 3 (6), p216-222 Joseph, RM., (1999). Neuropsychological Frameworks for Understanding Autism. International review of Psychiatry, 11; 309-324 Retrieved on 30th March.2008 from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1351137 Johnston, E, (1997), Autism, investigating minds. Retrieved on 30th March.2008 from http://pages.slc.edu/~ebj/IM_97/Lecture21/L21.html Obernman et al. (2005) Cognitive Brain Research, 24, 190-198. Rowe et al, (2001). Theory of mind: impairments and their relationship to executive functioning following frontal lobe excisions. Brain, 124; 600-616, Retrieved on 30th March.2008 from http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/124/3/600?maxtoshow=HITS=10hits=10RESULTFORMAT=fulltext=autism+false+belief+tasksearchid=1FIRSTINDEX=0resourcetype=HWCIT Riding, R. RaynÐ µr, S. (1988) Cognitive styles and learning strategies: understanding style differences in learning and behaviour. London: David Fulton, p1-9 Shaw P, et al. (2004). The impact of early and late damage to the human amygdala on ‘theory of mind’ reasoning. Brain. 127; 1535-1548. Retrieved on 30th March.2008 fromhttp://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/127/7/1535?maxtoshow=HITS=10hits=10RESULTFORMAT=fulltext=autism+false+belief+tasksearchid=1FIRSTINDEX=0resourcetype=HWCIT Witkin, HÐ µrman A. (1981) cognitive styles: essence and origins: field dependence and field independence, New York: International Universities Press, p45